Free Mp3 Ringtones

[defgf24uw]

Causes of Financial Risk and Prevention


one of the deep-seated causes of the financial risk of

financial risk is the risk of a system, the underlying reason, of course institutional aspects should be analyzed.

(a) the financial system has not yet touched on the substantive issues, balance of payments by way of technical means to solve the difficult problem of the nature of authority. Along China's financial reform has been But the question is not how sub-foci, but who sub-stove, which is the main focal points of the qualification and status. Why unified fiscal reform to die, a point on the chaos? The reason is very simple technical means can not solve substantive problems. Real question is what? Compartmentalization is contradiction. It is the horizontal division of government power, intergovernmental relations is a kind of geopolitical relationship that is first expressed as economic interdependence, followed by the scope of executive power Geopolitics. Interwoven relationship between the central and local departments, regions in dealing with financial problems, disputes between the interests of prevarication. Lower levels of government departments lack the financial power of autonomy, and therefore there is no sense of responsibility, the formation of the abuse of property rights, waste of financial situation. The central government and local governments the right positioning, inaccurate and a clear scope of powers. The basis of vague criteria for classification is difficult to grasp the balance of payments, the central emphasis on suddenly, suddenly emphasis on local, where there are regional differences in emphasis. In particular, a cross between central and local expenditures, the expenditures across regions, with spillover of expenditure, it is likely to cause interference and confusion. Visible, institutional financial risk is caused by defects in the most essential reasons.

(b) of the main taxes in the design of complex tax system defects, Tax Jurisdiction light weight, easily lead to contradictions and conflicts

design of the basic objectives of China's tax revenue is to protect the country first revenue, while the transfer tax is the best choice to achieve this goal, which is the turnover tax in China has long been the main reason for the main taxes, although the theorists will be no lack of income taxes as the main voice. Such as value-added tax imposed at this stage, that is, account for a significant state revenue proportion of the turnover tax. Local taxes are also in the turnover tax business tax category. Turnover tax is based on common characteristics of the circulation of goods and services amounted to imposing object, you can sign many links, sources extensive, but the defect is also evident It does not reflect the fundamental principles of fair and reasonable taxation, it is difficult to reflect the amount of affordable principles. Five or six years, China's tax revenue of 1,000 billion absolute continuous growth, in itself implies a great risk. Because in the present tax system, the amount of tax revenue is very easy to achieve the goal, but the tax on the reflection of the quality of national economic development more and more clear and accurate enough to form the tax revenues increase, more and more difficult on the back of business against the phenomenon of .

(c) the quality of state-owned enterprise reform has not achieved a breakthrough in the relationship between state and enterprises increased the complexity of the likelihood of financial risk

the reality of state-owned enterprises in China many problems, such as the unreasonable economic structure, high debt ratios, low profitability,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the difficulties of establishing a modern enterprise system, diversion of state-owned enterprise workers redundant and re-employment,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and so on. All of these issues, without exception, and finances. Almost all state-owned enterprise reform, reform of property rights above all, that is to define property rights, clear investment entities, the attribution of clear property rights, a clear asset management profit and loss responsibility. Ambiguous relationships between government and enterprises embodied in the business and financial relationship is unclear, the risks of enterprise reform will become a financial risk.

(d) Tax Jurisdiction lack of stability and scientific, the central government and local government financial conflicts stand out, increased the financial risk factors, namely the right to tax

tax jurisdiction. Countries have achieved the power to tax, but this power must be between the central government and local government a reasonable scientific configuration. Division of Tax Rights in China's current lack of a stable rule, legislative over-concentrated in the central and local ultra vires, abuse of power is more serious. Another subject of tax collection and duplication and overlap, but also on the exercise of the right to have a certain tax barriers, which leads to decreased protection of central taxation, local abuse of power charges and charges increasing the scale of expansion. This and the market economy norms of government revenue distribution seriously deviate from the results, will inevitably lead to deeper financial risk.

(e) The transformation of government functions and contradictions of the difficulty, but also a profound factor in the financial risk arising

in the current economic transformation process, the primary problem is to achieve the government functions changes. However, the process of transforming government functions is the obvious difficulty and contradiction. Because the process of economic transition in developing countries, market failures are more prominent, and the government's ability to correct these failures weaker, the limitations of government action is also greater, and establish and improve the market's task more difficult. If the change of government functions can not meet the needs of the market economy, the government is likely to be the main factors leading to market confusion.

Second, the idea of ​​guarding against financial risks and countermeasures

risk of financial risk is a system to guard against financial risk should first start from the system, specifically, is the need to do have the following aspects of work.

(a) continue in-depth reform of economic system and financial system, specifically the central government and local government functions and powers

economic reform and financial reform of the substantive issues, is about rights, responsibilities and benefits of the partition problem, governments at all levels is the division of power and financial power problems. The division of powers is a very difficult problem. Many people believe that the division of property rights is critical, but this is only a superficial phenomenon, no clear division of powers, the division of financial power at least on the basis of lost. Therefore, the division of powers is the economic and financial system,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the core problem. About the division of powers, must involve the central government and local government positions itself. The central government is the economic and social development of the organizer and leader, focused on the direction of economic and social development and matters of principle; local governments are the perpetrators of economic and social development and subordinates, focus on the structure of economic and social development and the specific nature of services. Therefore, .

(b) the distinction between strict and orderly financial issues and market issues, and gradually perfect the socialist market economy

public finances in the market economy, the government is social power center and the center of social obligations, financial services to the Government, public and social nature of financial problems is to determine the starting point. There are three meanings: the main financial problems the government rather than the market, is the government's economic and social development of the powers and obligations; financial problems of the object of universal and social, that is of public nature, such as unemployment and unemployment relief, arms production and defense. The goal is to solve the financial problems the stability and fairness, not the market development and efficiency goals. Only do not exaggerate the role of finance functions and do not force unrealistic financial targets, reduce the financial risk is the inevitable choice.

(c) a reasonable and orderly land reform the tax system, and establish a practical model

Tax Jurisdiction Tax reform is the core of revenue reform. China's tax reform should consider the following principles: First, establish a variety of tax types; second is to establish clear of the main taxes; third is to establish a standard system of the central tax administration and local tax management system. Tax Power is the economic expression of state power. Taxes represent the diversity of national economic power of the depth and breadth. The establishment of the main taxes affecting the basic idea of ​​state intervention in the economy and principles. Central and local taxes from the economic aspects of the division of state power, embodies the hierarchy. It should be emphasized, Tax Jurisdiction to consider the unity of state power and authority, there would be local tax squeeze central tax, additional tax squeeze is tax, the formation of local separatist, financial burden, the breeding of serious financial risk.

(d) strengthen the hard budget constraints, a unified financial fund management, the implementation of centralized payment system and the government procurement system

strengthen hard budget constraints, is to strengthen its position as the state's financial plan The legally binding and technical stability, serious budgeting, strict implementation of the budget. At present, China has begun the preparation of departmental budgets pilot to pilot zero-based budgeting, it is useful to try to enhance the binding budget. At the same time, maintaining the unity of financial resources is also important, funds owned by governments at all levels, financial departments at all levels of management ownership, the unified management of the financial sector by the financial resources of the property consistent with the financial resources, but also an important way to reduce the financial risk.

(e) adjusting the budget authority, the central budget and local budgets remain relatively independent, local budget implementation of vertical management, cancel the township level to maintain the budget at all levels of government finances

independence is a necessary prerequisite for a clear property rights responsibilities, but this plate too small geographical division, will undermine the unity of funds. Therefore, we can consider the central budget and the provincial budget independent basis, below the provincial budget, including the provincial,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], city and county budget for the implementation of vertical management. View of the township finance basically lost the public and social characteristics, have no longer necessary,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], consider phasing out. Of course, economically developed areas, according to the specific circumstances, special treatment. Financial authority to cancel the township, as the county-level departmental budgets, finance functions can still play a role.

(f) issue bonds reasonably modest, built
More articles related to topics：


[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

belstaff bolsas On improving the legal system of p

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]